Essay on The Use of Soliloquy in Shakespeares Hamlet

A Soliloquy is a dramatic convention, in which the character stands alone on stage, speaking. Originally it was a plot device, to enable a character to tell the audience what he planned to do next, for example, in the course of revenge. But the device is heightened in Shakespeare as it enables a character to reveal the amp;#8216;inner soulamp;#8217; to the audience without telling the other characters. It is usual that one discovers more of a character from a soliloquy than from the action of the play alone. Shakespeare uses the soliloquies in amp;#8216;Hamletamp;#8217; to great effect; with Hamletamp;#8217;s state of mind, his indecision and his use of imagery. Hamletamp;#8217;s state of mind in his first soliloquy is deeply†¦show more content†¦His disappointment in his mother, his suicidal tendencies and his oppression are all portrayed far more deeply that they would have been otherwise. Shakespeare also uses the soliloquies to expose Hamletamp;#8217;s indecision. The first soliloquy finds him posing the tricky question of whether to commit suicide or not. He longs for death, but finds God has amp;#8216;fixed his Canon amp;#8216;gainst self-slaughteramp;#8217; It is evident that he is indecisive from this, but with good reason - if he kills himself he will go to Hell. But it is in Hamletamp;#8217;s most famous soliloquy that his indecision comes to the fore. By asking himself amp;#8216;To be or not to be - that is the questionamp;#8217; He wonders whether to kill Claudius - if he does, he could be put to death, the equivalent of suicide. Suicide is evidently one source of Hamletamp;#8217;s indecisiveness, but there is a far greater source which provides a much bigger clue to his indecisiveness. It stems from his conversation with the ghost of his father, which said; amp;#8216;Let not the royal bed of Denmark bee A couch of luxury and damned incest But however thou persuest this act Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive Against thy mother aughtamp;#8217; His first and last request are incompatible - to kill Claudius and not upset Gertrude would be impossible. Thus Hamlet has an excuse for his indecision. However, Hamlet never uses the excuse in hisShow MoreRelatedShakespeares use of soliloquies to present Macbeth and Hamlet2032 Words   |  9 Pagesdoes Shakespeare use soliloquies to present the characters of Macbeth and Hamlet? A soliloquy is a comprehensive and unremitting dialogue spoken by a single person. The speaker is presenting his or her thoughts audibly, thus providing a forthright, outspoken, unremitting, and uninterrupted flow of thought, which channels his or her consciousness directly to the audience. Shakespeare uses soliloquies to present the characters of Macbeth and Hamlet in speckled ways; the soliloquies define the thoughtsRead MoreShakespeares Use of Soliloquy To See Characters Thoughts in Hamlet926 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare uses the literary technique of the soliloquy to allow the audience to see deeper into his characters’ thoughts in his play, Hamlet. This technique helps to reveal Hamlet’s true character, expressing emotions that the audience cannot see through his interactions with other characters. Through Hamlet’s soliloquies, one may notice that his reluctance to take actions that involve death can be attributed to his fear of the unknown an d his uncertainty in regards to afterlife. Read MoreLiterary Features In Shakespeares Hamlet916 Words   |  4 PagesRevenge, a Dish Best Served Quickly: Literary Features in Shakespeare’s Hamlet William Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, is about one man’s internal struggle over his job to avenge his father’s wrongful death. Prince Hamlet is tasked with this mission after receiving a message from a ghost of his father stating that Hamlet’s uncle, Claudius, wrongfully killed the old King in order to steal his throne and his wife. In this soliloquy, Hamlet is debating with himself on whether or not he should kill hisRead MoreCause and Effect Hamlet Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesCause and Effect Hamlet Essay William Shakespeare, arguably the greatest language in the English language and England’s national poet, has written numerous histories, tragedies, comedies and poems. Throughout his plays, his use of dramatic irony, immaculate word choice and wording, and his vast imagination has made him a successful playwright even in his time. Shakespeare’s scripts for his theatrical company, needed to pertain to the needs and fascinations of the Elizabethan audience. It is safeRead MoreHamlet’s Struggle with Life and Death1005 Words   |  5 Pagesand Death In Act III, scene I of Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the thematic imagery, along with the symbolic use of syntax and diction that Shakespeare uses helps convey Hamlet’s state of mind as troubled and as having a painful view to life which, overall, is subtly expressed with weakness as he talked about death. Death is a major theme in Hamlet and through Shakespeare’s astonishing words in his â€Å"To be, or not to be,† soliloquy; it is obvious that Hamlet is conveyed as a troubled characterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Structure Hamlet 1233 Words   |  5 PagesStability, Sanity, and Structure (Analysis of the structure in Shakespeare’s Hamlet) Structure is in our lives all around us; we see it in work lives, our home lives, in our owe bodies, and even more so in the curriculum that kids are learning at school. Structure, in all aspects, is constructed according to a plan. It gives a sense of assembly and backbone to whatever we are looking at. We see structure is in the information students are attaining at school, especially in the literary sense. ManyRead MoreHamlet Soliloquy1530 Words   |  7 Pagestime. In his plays, Shakespeare includes soliloquies, as they offer insight into the character, which cannot be done using dialogue. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet the seven soliloquies serve as the pillars of the play, the soliloquies introduce Hamlet’s character but also develop his character’s madness. Shakespeare’s use of blank verse, repetition, allusions and metaphors show that Hamlet is mentally unstable from the beginning of the play. Hamlet’s first soliloquy in Act One Scene Two is his fourth longestRead MoreStruggle and Disillusionment in Hamlet Essays919 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare’s employment of dramatic struggle and disillusionment through his character Hamlet, contributes to the continued engagement of modern audiences. The employment of the soliloquy demonstrates Shakespeare’s approach to the dramatic treatment of these emotions. The soliloquy brings a compensating intimacy, and becomes the means by which Shakespeare brings the audience not only to a knowledge of secret thoughts of characters, but into the closest emotional touch with them too. Through thisRead MoreAn author can reveal characteristics of characters in literature through several different methods.900 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent methods. Some common methods of characterization include one’s appearance, speech, thoughts, name, actions, and emotions. However, unconventional means can also be used, such as imagery, which is visually descriptive or figurative language. In Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, imagery is used to characterize central characters to the play. Firstly, Hamlet’s characteristics are revealed through the imagery of death in his speech. Secondly, Claudius’ characteristics are revealed through the imageryRead MoreHamlet O What a Rogue and Peasant Slave Am I775 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare has created the act two soliloquy O what a rogue and peasant slave am I to give the audience deeper insights into Hamlets internal conflicts surrounding his attempt to fulfil his pledge of avenging his fathers death. In this soliloquy Shakespeare has revealed Hamlet feelings of inadequacy due to his inability to act and the reasons behind his inaction. Shakespeare also uses this soliloquy to set up the play within the play as the climax at which point Hamlet will be forced to be the revenging

Prison Death Is One Of The Several Raising Questions

‘Prison death is one of the several raising questions in Florida’ raises questions of the legitimacy of the Florida Department of Corrections (DOC). The Florida’s DOC is engulfed in corruption. This essay seeks to identify the causes of this criminal corruption and explain the relationship between this article and the dramaturgy perspective. To begin, this paper will provide a brief summary of the article. Next, an argument will be presented as to the causes of prison officer’s brutality. Subsequently, there will be a discussion on the dramaturgy perspective in relation to how the media portrayed the events within the FDC. Lastly, there will be a brief conclusion summarizing the main arguments of the paper and final thoughts. Summary†¦show more content†¦It is suggested that Crosby celebrated the guard’s brutality because brutality is engrained in southern prison culture. Richard Mair in his complaint, reported incidents of sexual abuse, physical abuse, and guards forcing inmates to fight one another for prison staff entertainment. It is suggested that prison guards do not rape inmates because they are homosexual rapists, but because it is a form of power and dominance over an inmate. The guards are able to celebrate their masculinity through dehumanizing and belittling who they perceive to be the enemy. Egon Bittner suggests that officers become involved in situations that are not really criminal because of their masculine personalities. In the instance of Darren Rainey, he was punished by being thrown and locked into a scalding hot shower, where he died of suffocation because he refused to clean up feces in his cell. It is suggested that his refusal was not law breaking and that the guar d’s actions were the result of not knowing when to use force accordingly and â€Å"good ol’ boy† prison culture. This culture warrants the ideology that officers are above the law and that the use of torture as forms of punishment is acceptable because they view inmates as lesser human beings and enemies of the state. The guards are able to commit these atrocities and feel that they are justified because of the â€Å"us and them† mentality that they are taught. It isShow MoreRelatedFamily Makeup Essay766 Words   |  4 Pagesgrandparents raising kids, step siblings, half siblings, step parents, and so forth. The one that has taken rise in the last several years is missing parents or single parents. Parents are potentially missing   because of death, in prison, or even due to not wanting to be involved in the child’s life. Without that other spouse, there is only one parent that is caring for that child. Missing parents and single parents took an interest of me because I have a few friends and know several people who haveRead MoreViolent Protest In 1848 : Civil Disobedience896 Words   |  4 PagesConstituent Assembly as a solution to the conflict, the idea of civil disobedience has been raising up. When and how can someone justify the actions of civil disobedience? If everyone can disobey the law when they think it is necessary, what guaranties the public order? Shouldn’t there exist a moral obligation of following the law? Discussions about civil disobedience have approached these and other questions. A society of men who follow blindly the laws with no kind of reflection about their righteousnessRead MoreThe Death Penalty and the Innocent Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pagesalso known as the death penalty. The first known death penalty was acknowledge by a legal document known as the Code of Hummarubi. In this document, written in the 1700s, it is mentioned that twenty-five crimes were punished by death. The crimes included being unfaithful to ones partner and even helping slaves escape (Guernsey, 2009). By 1846, the state of Michigan became one of the first US states to abolish the death penalty for all committed crimes. Michigan now replaces the death penalty with lifeRead MoreSeymour Rossel, The Holocaust1267 Words   |  6 PagesSeymour Rossel, The Holocaust In Seymour Rossel’s, The Holocaust, he debated about the poverties and trials that led up to the Holocaust such as Adolf Hitler, concentration and death camps, and the revolt for freedom. The Holocaust, starts off with Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889. He was inborn in the village of Braunau am Inn in Austria. Alois, Adolf’s father, was a customs official. He was very inflexible on his son and often beat him. 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I remember wishing death upon myself, with every stroke of my father’s belt on my body. What was I thinking when I went to the bathroom on the front porch of the house? I was probably thinking I could get away with it since I was just four, or I was not thinking at all. AnRead MoreEndangered Species Protection645 Words   |  3 PagesProtection Around the world, animals are born and die every day. One problem the world is facing is for certain species, the death rate is higher than the birth rate. Several factors contribute to the decrease in certain species populations. Two prominent solutions to the problem are under debate. Captive breeding and conservation of habitats are two ways that animal extinction issues can be solved. 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Project Scope Statement Free Essays

There will also be a hot and cold buffet bars available to provide immediate service on all three shifts daily. The Cafe activities will include buying equipment and furniture such as commercial kitchen, utensils, plates, menus, sofas, chairs, tables, sun room patio furniture and plants. The menu will also serve hot and cold coffee selection that are competitive with the other coffee shops such as Struck. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Scope Statement or any similar topic only for you Order Now The design team will create a dining space experience to embody the coffee culture with an uptown city vibe that’s laid back and relaxing. Plush sofas and recliners will nine the walls as well as Wi-If connects at each seating area. The vibe will not only attract student and staff, but also the everyday business professional looking to relax and unwind. The employees will meeting every customer with a smile. Project Product Espresso East Cafe will provide a healthy meal alternative and varieties Of hot drinks Oppose to the sugary soda and unhealthy snack machines. – Meet with stakeholders and owner to work out details of charter 2- Finalize the details and have contract signed off for start/completion dates 3- Meet tit team to go over the details of project 4- Upon the completion of the project and payment to team by owner 5- Verify all licenses, building codes, and employee tax codes are complete 6- Project completion approved and signed off Project Deliverables Renovate a 2,000 square foot break room into a cozy cafe The Cafe will seat 60 people inside and 30 people outside Seating area will consist of plush s ofas, recliners, tables and chairs, and Wi-If hook-ups, The Outside seating will be an enclosed sunroof that covers the front of the building to the corner. Use social media to spread the word about the Cafe to increase business Create a warm and inviting space with an uptown city vibe that’s hip, cool, and comfortable for socializing with your friends Menu items will be hot soups, hot and cold sandwiches, and entere selections. All food items will have ONLY natural products and priced at $10 items Two chefs will be hired to oversee daily food preparations, and training. Meals will be prepared from scratch daily and served fresh Hot and Cold food bars will be provided all three shifts. Lands will be purchased and used as dcord and dividers There will be a selection of over 20 different hot and cold coffee selections. Project Objectives The objective of this project is to totally renovate the current break room into a warm, cozy, and inviting cafe. The estimated budget for this project will be 35,000 with a completion date June 1, 2015. How to cite Project Scope Statement, Papers Project Scope Statement Free Essays Scope Statement Section headings listed in gray font appear in both the Project Charter and the Scope Statement. Project Title: Web Site Enhancement Project Project Manager: Xin Tao Project Description (see Project Charter) Business Objectives †¢ A new company web site is proposed to best support the company’s mission to provide a complete recreational experience to the guests, including elegant meals, relaxing living quarters, and extensive recreational options such as golf, tennis, spas, gyms, night clubs, and excursions to local towns and areas of interest. Increase market share by 50% within two years of launch by providing on-line queries and reservations of rooms, on-line booking of guest services. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Scope Statement or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Increase revenue by 25% within three quarters post-launch by tapping into a larger customer base accessible through internet sales. †¢ Avoid risk that some of the hotels will have to be closed within two to three years as pressured by other larger hotel chains. †¢ Increase customer satisfaction by 25% among the existing customer base by becoming more technology-oriented, as measured via customer satisfaction surveys taken over the two-year period following the new web site launch. Project Objectives †¢ Allow technology team gain more experience in more sophisticated web technology, which is expected to reduce web site maintenance cost by 20%. †¢ Use effective project management techniques consistent with the company standards. †¢ Integrate the new company web site well with existed systems: the Reservation system and the Guest-Services System. Project Scope Description Q The new web site has a user friendly graphical interface, which shall allow user to do queries, reservations, browsing and booking easily. The new web site is enhanced to interact with existed systems: a Reservation System and a Guest-Services System. It has the capabilities to read data from and save data to those systems. The new web site shall display results according to users’ requests. Requirements †¢ The new web site shall be accessed by popular web browsers, including Microsoft IE, Firefox, Mozilla and Netscape. †¢ The new web site shall run on a Linux based server. †¢ The web server software, which the new web site uses, shall be Apache. The new web site shall be a secure Internet site. †¢ All major credit cards will be accepted by the new web site. †¢ VeriSign will be the credit card processing vendor. Project Boundaries Out-of-Scope features discussed but not implemented at this time: †¢ Users can have additional payment methods besides credit cards, for example, Paypal and Google Checkout. †¢ Users can get invoice in a PDF format. †¢ Users have the capability to cancel a transaction even after it is done. †¢ Users have the capability to remove particular service even after it is booked. Users can ask for refund if booked price is higher than the current price. Project Deliverables (see Project Charter) Project Acceptance Criteria †¢ Delivery of the web site by the end of August, 2006 †¢ The new web site shall provide on-line queries and reservations of rooms, on-line booking of guest services †¢ The new web site shall operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. †¢ Expenditures on the project not exceeding $900,000 †¢ Reduce web site maintenance cost by 20%. †¢ Increase revenue by 25% within three quarters post-launch Increase customer satisfaction by 25% among the existing customer Project Constraints (see Project Charter) Project Assumptions (see Project Charter) Project Roles and Responsibilities (see Project Charter) Initial Defined Risks †¢ Because the management team is still somehow hesitant to embark on the project, the project could be canceled. †¢ Because funds for this project are coming from marketing budget of the marketing team, funds may be reduced if marketing team cannot control its budget wisely. Because the project requires more technical resources to be hired, which are scarce due to the red hot technology market, the new web site may not be launched on time. †¢ Because the project has a cost constraint of $900,000, an inferior web site may be developed, resulting in a poor quality that fails to realize its sales targets. †¢ Because the project has a time constraint of 10 months, the web site may not be tested thoroughly, leading to an unstable web site. †¢ Because the project requires the deployment of new hardware, shipment delay of the new hardware would lead to the project behind schedule. Schedule Milestones (see Project Charter) Cost Estimate (see Project Charter) Project Parameter Ranking |Parameter |Ranking (1,2,3,4) |Comments | |Time |1 |The sponsors hope that the new web site can be up and running, accepting | | | |online reservations and queries within 10 months before the start of the | | | |new peak season. Missing the target launching time means that the | | | |strategic objectives can not be meet to increase revenue by booking to | | | |capacity at peak times and by expanding peak seasons by marketing year | | | |round points of interest. | |Cost |2 |The budget for the project is fixed at $900,000. |Scope |4 |The sponsors are willing to sacrifice some of the web site’s features in | | | |order to reach the quality, cost, and time goals. | |Quality |3 |Since the company web site would bring significant revenue opportunity | | | |for the company, a stable site is much needed. A buggy web site leads to | | | |low customer satisfaction, which would adversely impact company’s | | | |revenue. | Approval Requirements Tom Ender and Susan Ryan, Co-presidents Mike Muller, Head of the Marketing Team Helen Hui, Head of the Travel Tourism Susan Gill, Head of the Technology Team ———————– Query Reserve Browse Book Reservation System Interact New web site Users Interact Display Results Guest-Services System How to cite Project Scope Statement, Papers

The Scarlet Letter Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Scarlet Letter Argumentative Essay Sherlock Holmes: Is a detective who solves mysteries. Watson: Is detective Sherlock Holmes partner. Helen Stoner: A woman who wants Sherlock Holmes to solves the mystery of her twin sister Julias death. Julia Stoner: Helen Stoners twin sister who mysteriously died the night before her wedding day. Dr. Grimsby Roy Lott: Is Helen and Julias stepfather who had a bad reputation with murder and doing bad things to people and some how keep getting away with it. Mrs. Farintosh: A friend of Ms. Helen Stoner who told her about where she could find Sherlock Holmes for help. Mrs. Stoner Roylott: Is Helen and Julias mother who married Dr. Roylott when her daughters were two years old. And died eight years afterwards. Ms. Honoria Westphail: Is Mrs. Stoner Roylott maiden sister and Helen and Julias aunt. Whom Julia visited her every now an then but always at Christmas. This story takes place in England where a woman by the name of Helen Stoner. When she and her twin sister Julia were only two. Their mother met a man named Dr. Grimsby Roylott. A short time afterwards Helen and Julias mother Mrs. Stoner married Mr. Roylott. Mrs. Roylott died eight years after they were married. The two girls had to go live with their stepfather Mr. Roylott in Stroke Moran, England. Who inherited their mothers money and the only way they could get their share of the money was after they married. As the twins got older their stepfather got meaner. At one point he had killed one of his butlers with his bear hands and then he got off Scott free. Mr. Roylott got away with a lot of things because of his bad reputation. Julia was the first to get engaged. But when Dr. Roylott found out about the engagement he tried to do everything in his power to make Julia end her engagement. But she didnt agree. So the day before her wedding, that night she went to talk with her sister Helen because she was so excited that she couldnt sleep. After their talk she finally went to bed. Mysteriously Helen heard her sister voice. So Helen got out of her bed and went to check on Julia. Julias door was open but that was unusual, because it is normally locked. She walked in and there she saw her sister with a frighten look of terror on her face. She ran to her and grabbed her, but Julias l egs got weak and she fell to her knees and died. Two years later Helen became engaged and she was afraid because she always had a suspicion of her stepfather having something to do with her sisters death. So she walked to her friend Mrs. Farintosh home. She told her about a detective named Sherlock Holmes. So she went and found him and told him everything she knew. One of the conflicts in the Speckled Band was that Julia died a mysterious death. Helen wanted to know what happen to her sister. So she hired a detective, Sherlock Holmes. She had to sneak out and catch a train so that her very sneaky and cruel stepfather didnt know what she was trying to do and find out. Holmes and his partner Watson started an investigation they went to the Roylott house and looked around. At night they had to sneak on the land and snoop around. But the only problem was Mr. Roylott had a few pets. Believe me they werent any kind of ordinary house pets it was a cheetah and a baboon. Holmes and Watson had to move their investigation around the cheetah and the baboon. For some reason after Helen became engaged her stepfather started having some construction done to the house so Helen had to move into her sisters Julia room. The very same room she died in. Night after night she stayed awake afraid of what might happen to her in that room. She stayed awake for so many night that her eyes turned blood shot red. She was only thirty years old, but her hair was so gray that you would think she was twenty years older. Although she didnt know what she was worrying about she was worrying for good cause, because Dr. Roylott was planning to kill her. In the same mysterious way he did her sister but, only this time Sherlock Holmes and Watson was there to see it all a snake with peculiar yellow band with brownish spots. In spite of the deadly plan Dr. Roylott had for Helen. Dr. Roylott was the one who ended up dead. Ms. Helen Stoner was a concerned sister and stepdaughter. Who felt that she needed to find some help to find out what really happen to her sister Julia. What did she die from or did their stepfather Dr. Rowlett murder her. Ms. Stoner had asked her friend Ms. Farintosh did she know about anybody who could help her. Ms Farintosh told her about Sherlock Holmes. A detective who once helped her with a problem she had. The next morning she left at s ix oclock to look in town for Sherlock Holmes. Once she found him she asked for his help. He asked her what was her problem. So she told him everything. So I feel that if I had been in Helens place I would have done the same thing. So I agree with the action she did. But if I had a stepfather like Dr. Roylott I would have done some things different. I would have left his house when I reached an adult age. I also would have taken my twin sister Julia with me. Or I would have stood up to him or told somebody who wasnt afraid to make him leave me alone. Those are some of the thing I would have done differently. Or I he would have been in jail because, I would have made sure he would have been found guilty for the murder of his butler. I would also made him do some time for my sisters murder. .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8 , .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8 .postImageUrl , .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8 , .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8:hover , .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8:visited , .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8:active { border:0!important; } .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8:active , .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8 .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65423cf34c0c6896ed2d8a0ad595f1b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: anti-matter EssayYes, the characters in the book The Adventure of the Speckled Band seem as if they could be true to life. Because somebody can kill somebody else now a days and get away with it all. People do low-down thing to other people every day. Even people in 2002 (true life) can hire a detective if they are suspicious about something or somebody. Or even just to prove a person wrong. Even just to prove a point. Yes, I enjoyed this book very much. I read this book a few years ago and I enjoyed it then. I love reading books with mysteries and stories that keep me at the edge of my seat. And thing that keep me reading until I get to the end. Would I recommend this boo k to others yes? But first I would tell them if you enjoy reading a book that will baffle you in the beginning and having you guessing what going to happen next. This book is for you. Dont let the name the Adventure of the Speckled Band fool you. It really is a good and interesting book. Words/ Pages : 1,404 / 24

Does Violence in Video Games Affect Youth

Why the Scientific Revolution did not Take Place in Chinaâ€Or Did It

Why the Scientific Revolution did not Take Place in China–Or Did It Introduction During the 16th and 17th centuries, new ideas were invented in the fields of biology, astronomy, chemistry and physics. These inventions transformed ancient and medieval perception of nature into modern science in the period that was called the scientific revolution.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Why the Scientific Revolution did not Take Place in China–Or Did It? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the renaissance period. According to Sivin (10), it was during this period that human beings began explaining natural happenings without consultation of the Christian doctrine. Discussion The history of science and technology in China contributed much to the advancement of the global knowledge in science and technology. Philosophers in China made advancements in various disciplines including astronomy, mathematics, science and technology. Her bal and traditional Chinese medicine played an important role in the society. One of the ideas invented by the Chinese includes the shadow clock. Kites and Kongming lanterns are among other flying machines that were invented in China. The use of the compass, papermaking and printing as well as gunpowder spread to Europe and other countries in the world from China (Sivin 13). There are many reasons put forward to explain the reason behind the failure of scientific revolution in China. One of the reasons is geographical position of the country. The climate of Britain favors agriculture because of its fertile soils and animal keeping especially in the western parts of the country. Incidences of drought and diseases were rare in Britain. Apart from providing meat, animals served industrial purposes in Britain such as pulling ploughs and transportation of goods, a factor that contributed to its development (Sivin 15).Advertising Looking for assessment on asian? Let's see if we ca n help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ecological benefits of Britain contributed much towards its industrialization unlike China. For instance, mines that were near markets made it easy for transportation of minerals. The northern part of China had coalmines that made the place unsafe as people feared attacks that forced them to migrate to the southern parts hence preventing extraction of coal. The steam power discovered from coal in Britain provided transport facilities using powerful machinery contributing to industrial revolution. Coal was obtained from Britain at cheaper prices motivating the country to continue with innovations (Sivin 20). This was not the case for China. The population of China plays a significant role in explaining why scientific revolution did not take place in the country. During this period, the population of China was higher than that of Europe. Laborers were paid low wages in China than in Europe because so many people were in need of jobs. Due to this reason, China did not see the need of developing devices to replace human labor. Furthermore, labor was not a problem. On the contrary, Europe had a small population and a large piece of arable land. In addition to this, Europe was frequently affected by natural disasters such as wars, famine and epidemics that reduced the population making it easier for countries in the region to manage their population needs. In addition, it meant that Europe had to look for ways of providing labor therefore establishing mechanization as the solution to their problem. The sparse population and need for employees meant increased salaries (Guohao Mengwen and Tianqin 83). Britain was technologically advanced than China that led to the earlier scientific revolution. Industrialization was mainly based on technological development and Europe had invented many things. For instance, Europe discovered how to capture heat and utilize it for human benefit. The problem in Chi na was because subsequent generations seemed to start from scratch instead of going on in advancing ideas already invented by earlier generations (Guohao Mengwen and Tianqin 120). The complex culture of the Chinese was a reason towards its delay in scientific revolution. Cultural traditions and customs like mode of diet commonly referred to as the cuisine, literature, music among other things vary from one city to another. The country was made up of different ethnic groups whose traditional practices were different.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Why the Scientific Revolution did not Take Place in China–Or Did It? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implied that there was no unity in the country as far as cultural practices were concerned. This made it difficult to join the people together for development of the county. Ebrey Walthall and Palais point out that for successful technological advancement, people should have common values and practices as symbol of unity (369). Scientific revolution was delayed because China did not produce surplus that could be exchanged with other countries to earn them foreign exchange. The country’s main crop was rice and most of it was consumed locally. In addition to this, accessibility was a problem. Transport facilities were not fully developed for easy transportation of goods making it difficult for commerce, which was crucial in the development of the economy (Ebrey Walthall and Palais 372). Conclusion In conclusion, scientific revolution marked a very significant period in many countries because it led to advancement in technology. In spite of the importance attached to the phase, China did not encounter the phase revolution at the same time when Europe did because of its large population, geographical setting and inadequate output. Before this period, most of the work was done manually, which was untidy and time-consuming. However, the invention of machine labor made work easier. Work that should have been done for many days could be done in few hours. Ebrey, Patricia, Walthall Anne and Palais, James. East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history. London: Cengage Learning, 2008.Print. Guohao, In, Mengwen, Zhang and Tianqin, Cao. Explorations in the history of science and technology in china. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1982.Print.Advertising Looking for assessment on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sivin, Nathan. Why the scientific revolution did not take place in China or did it? Shanghai: Chinese Science, 1982.Print

Retail failue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Retail failue - Essay Example Failures and bankruptcy cannot occur overnight. The symptoms start showing years ahead of the actual failure. According to Mellahi, Jackson and Sparks (2002) organizational failure can occur due to changes in both the external and internal business environment, but failure is necessarily caused by the external factors over which the managers have no control, contend Sharma and Mahajan (1980) and Mellahi and Wilkinson (2004). This is because the external environment imposes pressures and constraints on the firm’s strategies that can lead to failure. This suggests that firms do not fail due to the inefficiency of the management but they fall victims of the external environment. Changes in customer tastes, brand switching, cyclical decline in demand, competitive rivalry, technological uncertainties due to product and process innovations, are some of the external factors that can lead to organizational failure (Mellahi, Jackson & Sparks, 2002). In addition, retailers undergo the à ¢â‚¬Ëœwheel of retailing’ where they start as low cost, low set business offering modest products but as they develop, they add to the ambience, the products and then they make themselves vulnerable to the other new entrants. Circumstances lead to the inability to respond to the threats of the business. This suggests management inefficiency as the cause of organizational failure. ... When trading conditions became difficult, they sought new trading opportunities. Their decisions were such that at one point they were confused whether they were retailers or consumer finance company (Pal, Medway & Byrom, 2006). They operated under uncertain micro-environment conditions; they changed their format and refurbished their stores when the real estate market was at its height. Failure at AGS was a multi-factor issue. There was no top management homogeneity and hence continuity and growth was also affected. Each decision maker had his own perception and this was based on the micro- and macro- environment prevalent during his tenure. Managers also tend to become blinded to their own weaknesses and strengths, to the customer demands and to the competitors (Mellahi, Jackson & Sparks, 2002). Once success is achieved, overconfidence and arrogance steps in. When organizations become conditioned to exploit their old advantages, they become vulnerable to failure. They either ignore or do not respond to new opportunities. These are internal inadequacies in dealing with external threats. Impulsive decisions, poorly informed managers and the habit of taking unwanted risks are also some of the causes that can cause failure. Managers fail to react to external threats and they continue to focus on the internal methods that were successful in the past. Marks & Spencer’s (M&S) the legendary UK retailers, referred to as ‘managerial giant in the western world’ by Peter Drucker, was recognized as one of the best managed companies in the world. It started facing survival crisis since 1998. M&S were blinded by their past success and refused to advertise (except for new store openings) or make any other

Regulations Influencing The UK Construction Industry Essay

Regulations Influencing The UK Construction Industry - Essay Example Due to this concern, sustainable construction’s concept emerged, while national governments passed a number of regulations to help in the management of the large construction industry. Undeniably, sustainable construction remains an imperative channel of improving the construction industry’s performance, hence rendering it more sustainable. Consequently, national governments have helped to reduce the environmental challenges posed by the diverse construction activities (Hackett et al, 2006). The construction sector remains an imperative industry in the UK. It has profound social, environmental, and economical impacts. According to Barkham (2012), the construction industry of the UK contributes around 10 percent of the total GDP of the UK. Besides, it provides over 1.5 million individuals with employment. However, it has dire environmental effects attributed to the diverse construction activities. For instance, the UK reports an annual average waste of about 70 million t ones with about half of all generated energy being used by the sector. The UK has passed several acts, including the Anti -Corruption Act of 2012. Such developments have improved sustainable construction levels throughout the nation, even though it still lags much behind compared to the other European nations (Morton, 2007). The purpose of this paper is to examine some regulations, which impact upon the UK construction industry and the impacts they have had upon it. The first regulator of the construction industry is the CIS (Construction Industry Scheme). The CIS stipulates the rules and procedures of how contractors must handle their subcontractors’ payment during construction work within the construction sector. The CIS applies primarily to construction contractors and subcontractors within the mainstream construction activities. Conversely, the firms and businesses whose central work is not construction are required to handle their work as contractors within the construct ion sector; they consequently fall under CIS. This is usually applicable to firms and businesses that have a relatively high yearly expenditure on construction work (Morton, 2007). All contractors under CIS must follow some stipulated regulations when paying their subcontractors. Subcontractors are advised to register themselves with the HMRC and ensure they inform them about any changes they make to their businesses in order to ascertain that they are paid their dues correctly (Morton, 2007). Contractors under CIS are also obliged to make their monthly returns every month. Finally, both contractors and subcontractors working under the CIS should update the HMRC about any alterations they make to their business since their registration with the scheme. These changes or details include change in address, business legal structure changes, liquidation, and cessation of operations among other issues (Ruddock, 2008). Another important regulation is the 2008’s Climate Change Act of the UK, which became a law on first December 2008. This act concerns itself with the cutback of greenhouse gases emission. It goes further to affirm that the UK government has a binding duty of assessing the diverse risks associated with climate change within the UK. Conversely, this act only guarantees a certain level of carbon cutback by the year 2050. In addition, it affirms that carbon emissions must be minimized by at least twenty six percent and eighty percent by 2020 and 2050 respectively. The government intends to achieve this via several ways involving increased carbon pricing and utilization of renewable energy (Myers, 2008). Therefore, it is advisable to mull over

The marriage cure, inadequate solution of poverty Essay

The marriage cure, inadequate solution of poverty - Essay Example From ancient times a marriage supposed to be the effective tool to eliminate poverty. But is it an adequate solution today Literary critics express different views as for the Boo's article message. Some of them suppose that the research suggesting that governments and individuals tend to benefit from an increase in marriage rates is at this point very persuasive, and don't see much point in being coy about it. Marriage is probably the most cost-efficient antipoverty instrument a society possesses (Stewart, 2004). The author gives special detailed attention to the difficulty which can follow single women in marriage rush. The article describes the problems of two single women and the imperfection of the institution marriage at the beginning of the 21st century. In the article Boo describes the realities of a marriage promotion program and their outcomes for low-income woman. She wrote: "Still, the days now contained enough hours for a reasonable woman to fret about her future" (Boo, 2003). In one of her interview Boo argues that: "And if, inspired by that indoctrination, Kim, whose income was less than ten thousand dollars, manages to meet and marry a man who makes ten thousand dollars, their combined income would remove both of them... Boo criticizes the Bush's welfare reform to eliminate poverty by marriage and sees it as inadequate solution giving supported reasons. Some critics argue that success in the workforce may make women more independent and therefore more selective about the men they will consider marrying. In addition, more time at work means less time to pursue relationships, especially for single mothers whose time is already stretched thin (Stewart, 2004).. The important fact to note is that poverty is a complex problem which is difficult to solve in one day. Bear in mind the facts mentioned by Katherine Boo it is possible to say that if this problem of poverty can be solved by successful marriage, our society would not have poor creatures looking for better days. Race, gender, familial status, age, and place of residence are some but not all of the characteristics that enhance the risk of living in poverty. Boo gives a vivid examples contrasting with those "rosy dreams" proposed by Bush's administration. She describes that Kim's annual income was: "five thousand dollars, but, except for ten months when she and her husband first separated, she had not received welfare. The child support was supposed to have covered us, but when it stopped coming I couldn't afford a lawyer" (Boo, 2003). The marriage cure is nothing more than survival of time affected the mind of many single women. "Marriage promotion programs, therefore, must be viewed in the context of battered women's lives and how poverty and children affect their decision-making. Most moms I know will do anything for their children and this often includes putting up with years of violence and abuse. When you tell a woman who is desperately trying to keep a roof over her head, put food on

An analysis of internal controls

An analysis of internal controls Internal control as a process, effected by an entitys board of directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in Three categories: 1. Effectiveness and efficiency of operations 2. Reliability of financial reporting, and 3. Compliance with applicable laws and regulations 1.Internal control our EDP System Internal controls are a vigorous part of accounting and data processing systems. It is important that the auditor be aware with the functions and uses of internal controls with respect to both manual and automatic systems. The controls of an electronic data processing system (EDP) and their identification, evaluation, and importance to the external auditor 1.1.1. Importance of Internal Control Internal controls are a important part of accounting and data processing systems. It is important that the auditor be familiar with the functions and uses of internal controls with respect to both manual and automatic systems. 1.1.2. What are Internal Controls? In a broad sense, internal control comprises controls which embrace the organizational plan and the methods used to protection the assets, create the dependability of financial data and records, endorse working efficacy and loyalty to managerial policies. Internal control is categorized by independence between departments and lines of vicarious duty and authority. It is important that these internal controls verify the dependability and correctness of the data supportive all transactions using control total techniques, sanctions and approvals, contrasts, and other tests of data accuracy. Committee on Auditing Procedure. Auditing Standards and Procedures, Statements on Auditing Procedure No. 33. New York: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 2008, p. 27. 1.1.3. Why Internal Controls are Important? Before management can make judgments to maximize the long run profit of a firm, it must first have dependable accounting data on which to base these decisions. This info should be timely, accurate, complete, and reliable. The protection of the assets of the firm against losses from misappropriation, robbery, failure to take discounts, inadequacy, and unjustified delays of credit are some functions of internal control that should be sufficiently interweaved in any good accounting system. These controls are necessary to assure management that the agreed procedures and orders are obeyed to since the management of large companies are not usually involved in personal supervision of their employees. Therefore, controls add reliability to accounting and financial data. Internal controls are important to deliver appropriate segregation of functional responsibilities and to create a system of authorization and sanction to provide reasonable safety over these assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses. Sound practices shadowed in the performance of duties with in the organization and the allocations of persons of a quality appropriate with responsibilities are two additional necessary and correct functions of internal controls in any system. 1.1.4. Why the Auditor is Concerned with Internal Controls? Management identifies the needs and importance of internal controls as valuable tools to assure that events and transactions are properly carried out. The use and attendance of sufficient internal controls loans reliance and credibility to accounting records and consequently, reduces the length and detail of the audit. These internal controls reduce monotonous, routine, mechanical checks and verifications of bookkeeping accuracy, authorizing replacement of less time consuming approaches that involve judgment, reasoning, and common sense. 1.2. Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The internal control system of an entity is severely interconnected to the structure used by management to supervise the activities of the organization, or to what is defined as the entitys corporate governance. Good corporate governance should deliver proper inducements for the board and management to follow purposes that are in the interest of the company and shareholders and should ease effective monitoring, thereby encouraged firms to use resources more proficiently (OECD Principles of Corporate Governance). The Board of Directors is thus accountable for providing governance, supervision and oversight for senior management and guaranteeing that a suitable internal control system is in place and effective, meaning it ensure that foreseeable objectives are attained. Financial reporting is the connection between the company and its external environment. One of the main features which contributed to these failures relate to the internal control system established around the disclosure of information to stakeholders. It seemed that not attaining the objective of effective internal control system over financial reporting demoralizes the status of a company, even at the attendance of many other control components, making it problematic or impossible for a company to be dependable on the market, to be able to collect financing resources, to be believable to shareholders and stakeholders in general. 1.2.1. Role of the Internal Auditor in Evaluating Internal Controls The Internal auditor should scrutinize and contribute to the continuing effectiveness of the internal control system through evaluation and commendations. Though, the internal auditor is not lodged with managements primary obligation for designing, applying, maintaining and documenting internal control. Internal audit functions add value to an organizations internal control system by transporting an orderly, disciplined approach to the evaluation of risk and by making commendations to strengthen the effectiveness of risk management struggles. The internal auditor should emphasis towards improving the internal control structure and promoting better corporate governance. The role of the internal auditor consists of: Evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of internal control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Commending new controls where essential or stopping unnecessary controls à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using control framework à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Developing Control self-valuation The internal auditors assessment of internal control includes: Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Determining the significance and the compassion of the risk for which controls are being measured; Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Measuring the vulnerability to misuse of resources, failure to reach objectives concerning moralities, economy, efficiency and effectiveness, or failure to accomplish accountability obligations, and non-obedience with laws and regulations. Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Identifying and understanding the design and operation of related controls. Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Determining the grade of control effectiveness through testing of controls. Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Measuring the sufficiency of the control design. Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Reporting on the internal control evaluation and debating the essential corrective actions. The comprehensive areas of review by the internal auditor in assessing the internal control System are: Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Mission, vision, ethical and organizational worth system of the entity. Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Personnel allocation, evaluation system, and growth policies Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Accounting and financial reporting policies and obedience with applicable legal and regulatory standards Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Objective of dimension and key performance pointers Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Documentation standards Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Risk management structure Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Operational framework Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Processes and procedures followed Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Degree of management administration Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Information systems, communication channels Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Business Continuousness and Disaster Recovery Procedures The internal auditor should get an understanding of the important processes and internal control systems adequate to plan the internal audit engagement and develop an effective audit tactic. The internal auditor should use professional finding to assess and evaluate the adulthood of the entitys internal control. The auditor should obtain an understanding of the control environment sufficient to evaluate managements attitudes, consciousness and actions regarding internal controls and their importance in the entity. Such an understanding would also help the internal auditor to make an initial assessment of the sufficiency of the accounting and internal control systems as a basis for the preparation of the financial statements, and of the likely nature, timing and magnitude of internal audit procedures. The internal auditors measures the as is internal control system within the organization. The internal auditor should become an understanding of the internal control. Procedures adequate to develop the audit plan. In obtaining that understanding, the internal auditor would consider knowledge about the attendance or absence of control procedures obtained from the understanding of the control environment, business processes and accounting system in determining whether any additional understanding of control procedures is essential. The internal auditor should document and understand the design and operations of internal controls to assess the effectiveness of the control environment. When attaining an understanding of the business processes, accounting and internal control systems to plan the audit, the internal auditor obtains information of the design of the internal control systems and their operation. For example, an internal auditor may perform a walk-through test that is; present a few transactions through the accounting system. When the transactions selected are typical of those transactions that pass through the system, this procedure may be treated as part of the tests of control. The internal auditor should deliberate the following aspects in the evaluation of internal control system in an entity: Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Discovering the entity has a mission statement and written goals and objectives. Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Evaluating risks at the activity (or process) level. Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Completing a Business Controls worksheet for each important activity (or process) in each function or department with documentation of the attendant controls and their degree of effectiveness (partial or full); arranging those activities (or processes) which are most critical to the success of the function or department Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ensuring that all risks identified at the entity and function or department level are addressed in the Business Controls worksheet along with the combined documentation of the operating controls. Æ’ËÅ"â‚ ¬Ã‚  Discovering from the Business Controls worksheet, those risks for which no controls exist or existing controls are insufficient. 1.2.2. The assessment of internal control over financial reporting The total assessment gives a complete opinion of the effectiveness of entitys internal control system across internal control components. To facilitate the comparability with other entities and give complete assessment of the effectiveness of an entitys internal control system as such, universal system for evaluations is needed. Assessments and audits of internal control system should be tailor-made to the size, business, operations, risks, and procedures of each company, not directed by standardized lists (Heuberger 2009). This should more exactly identify possible problems, promote more efficient allocation of resources to higher-risk areas, and encourages a focus on outcomes rather than on processes. Internal control over financial reporting can be judged effective when reasonable assurance subsists that financial statements are being prepared reliably. Quantitative assessments are intended to measure the level of confidence that can be placed on the internal control systems ability to perform effectively (Perry 2010). Perry and Warner (Ibid: 52-55) have suggested a five-step model for quantitative assessment of internal control system, which is described on figure 1.1. The most important feature to note in this framework is scoring individual control objectives against the selected model. Using a suitable framework as a basis of the evaluation helps to attain a complete and structured assessment without missing important features of internal control. Figure 1.1. Quantitative assessment of internal controls. Perry 2010: 52-55. A framework can be deemed suitable as the fundamental for evaluation, when it is free from bias; it permits reasonably consistent qualitative and quantitative measurements; it is adequately complete so that those related factors that would modify a conclusion about the effectiveness of a companys internal control over financial reporting are not mislaid; and it is related to the evaluation (PCAOB 2009: 11). There are two key components of quantitative scoring: establishing how the maximum score will be assigned within the model and determining what percentage of the total allotted score to award to each control components. The initial COSO cube provides insight into the importance of the five internal control components in relative to each other, emphasizing the great importance of control environment and observing. However, Perry. (2010:54) note that those performing the assessment should apply their own experience with and information of internal controls and use this in combining with COSO guidance. COB IT model describes numerous different levels of dependability or maturity of an internal control system. Levels may range from initial, the lowest level of dependability, to optimized, the highest. COBIT Internal control reliability model is drawing the evaluators consideration to different features of the effectiveness of internal control, which would otherwise go unobserved, e.g. documentation and perceived value of controls. At the same time, this model is incomplete with respect to COSO internal control framework, because control environment and risk assessment are not comprised. Also, difficulties may arise greatly in small and medium-sized enterprises, where documentation regarding internal control system is limited and control procedures informal, but consciousness, communication and observing functioning might still be at high level. The Internal Control Institute in the US features six categories in rating internal control components. Groups range from reactive controls to world class system pronounced in table 1.3. Each category is worth a percentage that is proportionate with the attained level of control (Perry 2005: 54). Specifically, category 1 is worth 162/3 percent (1/6) and category 6 is the highest level of maturity and is worth100 percent. The points for each control principle should be assigned according to the evaluated percentage of proposed maximum score, then concise and an assessment report prepared. In this system, the evaluators score the internal control over financial reporting according to the fulfillment of the principles of internal control through numerous criteria. The total evaluation of internal control is attained through summarizing the scores across objectives and components. Perrys model allows giving an total numerical opinion of the effectiveness of the internal control system, taking into account the distinct features of every organization by assigning different percentages for different control principles and components according to the entitys size, ownership and business activities. The assessment of the efficiency of internal control over financial reporting in an entity is closely associated to the concept of fraud. The Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA) defines fraud as those intentional misrepresentations of financial statements and other records which are carried out to conceal the misappropriation of assets or otherwise for gain (Pickett 2000: 550). For a person to commit fraud, three factors need to be in place: incentive or burden, chance and rationalization (Rittenberg 2005: 301; Pickett 2000: 550).

The Dawn Of Understanding: Three Years Later :: essays research papers

Throughout my life, the same scene in the television screen registered in different ways. The camera zooms in for the last shot of a lone hyena wheezing his way out of life. He may be dying of heat exhaustion or thirst or hunger, but his small eyes roll side to side slowly and then....just.....stop. Equally significant and striking is the close-up of the very violent death of a baby seal as a hyena simultaneously shakes him into submission and breaks his spine. The camera is always held steady; no one is shocked or upset yet the sense that something important has happened is always instilled in me. When I was younger I would cry during the sad moment in movies when someone died. The person or animal had a name and an identity which gave them a level of reality. My fascination for animals existed even then and I often followed with my eyes and imagination the lives of the documented animal. I turned away from the brashness of the lion tearing into the zebra because I turned away from all violence but I was too disgusted to feel any real compassion. Perhaps reality was harder to absorb than fiction. Perhaps these scenes weren't real to me because what I had seen of death in my own experience always involved sorrow and the cameramen felt none, the sun felt none and the narrator felt none. Later in my life I realized the zebra or coyote or prairie dog that was being forced to succumb to dehydration or starvation was real. I don't think that I had ever, consciously seen anything die before; watched the same close-up many times before but never really seen anything die. Insects perhaps; never a person, never a baby lemur, never a cat, never anything except within the confines of fiction. What my mind had seen as I sat there was the product of lighting and actors and a voice but unlike real fiction, this did not seem real. As I have lived in a city for most of my life and never truly experienced what wildlife was like, this was it; the cameras lent my alienated consciousness a sense of the reality experienced by the other inhabitants of this earth: the four legged (and sometimes two-legged) ones. I was being carried on the shoulders of Richard Nassau and Michael Drencher as they journeyed to the desserts of Africa and mountains of Peru.

Chemical Aspects of Life Paper

Chemical Aspects of life HYPOTHESIS in this section i will be discussing my thoughts of the chemical aspects of life. Explaining what my hypotheses are, for what chemicals are in which substances and what affects the reagents will have on them. Protein testing will be performed on 2 substances,egg albumin and gelatin using Biuret's solution. If biuret's solution is added to egg albumin then the egg albumin will change colors. If biuret's solution is added to gelatin then there will be only the color of the biuret's solution in there.When testing for lipids using the grease spot test three substances will be left to dry on a brown paper bag square lipids will appear in the form of a stain on the paper bag. If oil is left to dry on a paper bag then very evident stain will appear. If milk is left to dry on a paper bag then a residue will be left on top of the bag. When testing for lipids Using Sudan IV an oil and water test will be conducted, and an milk and water test will be done. If oil and water are tested using sudan IV then the oil will mix with the sudan IV. If milk and water are tested using Sudan IV then the Sudan Iv will not mix with either.When testing for carbohydrates benedict's solution will be used and Hcl will be used as an additive to alter results. If benedict's is added to glucose then the solution will change color. If benedict's solution is added to sucrose then the solution will change color. If benedict's solution is added to sucrose and Hcl there will be a more drastic color change. If benedict's solution is added to milk then there will be a slight color change. If benedict's solution is added to Hcl and milk there will be a drastic color change. If benedict's solution is added to starch then there will be a color change.If benedict's solution is added to starch and Hcl then there will be a more drastic color change. When testing for carbohydrates using iodine a porcelain spot plate will be used to better see color changes. If iodine is ad ded to a starch solution then it will change color. If iodine is added to water then the iodine will become dilute. PROCEDURE Procedure: You will be testing for the presence of the following subtances: proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. The carbohydrates will include monocaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose), and polysaccharides (starch).Protein test Background: Proteins give color reactions with certain reagents. The compounds that give rise to these colors are formed not by the whole protein molecule but by certain amino acids present in the protein. Biuret solution will be used for the test. Biuret solution is a blue solution that turns a violet color in the presence of proteins this color change occurs when the Biurets reacts with the amino groups found in the amino acids that are the building blocks of proteins. add 3ml of dilute egg albumin solution to a test tube. Add biuret's solutiong drop by drop.Stop if a violet color is obtained. Do not continue until a blue c olor occurs repeat the test with gelatin. Record your results. Lipid test Background: Lipids are insoluble in water but are soluble in fat solvents such as ether, acetone, and carbon tetrachloride. The simplest lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Lipids will remain on a brown paper bag after the water in the solution has evaporated, this will make the bag somewhat transparent. Secondly, a dye test will be done. In this test, dark red sudan IV will be used.Sudan IV is not soluble in water, but is soluble in lipids. You will be observing the distribution of dye in this test. Procedure: with a medicine dropper, add a drop of salad oil to the corner of a brown paper bag. To the opposite corner, add a drop of water. To one more corner, add a drop of milk. Let the fluids evaporate and then examine each spot by holding the paper to the light look for areas of transperency. Record your results Procedure: Add 3ml of water to a test tube. Add 1ml of oil to the same test tube. DO NOT SHAKE. Now add 2 drops of sudan IV. AGAIN, DO NOT SHAKE.Observe the distribution of the dye with respect to the water and oil. Record your results. Repeat this test using milk instead of oil. Record your results. CARBOHYDRATE TESTS: Background: sugar starch and cellulose are common examples of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are made up of the base elements c, h, and o in a 1:2:1 ratio. The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides (simple sugars such as glucose). Monosaccharides have just one carbon ring and are the building blocks of larger sugar molecules. Disaccharides, like sucrose, have two carbon rings. They are formed when two monosaccharides join together.Examples include: Maltose (glucose + glucose); Lactose (glucose + galactose); and sucrose (glucose + fructose). Polysaccharides have three or more carbon rings. Starch is an example of a polysaccharide. Procedure: put 3ml of benedict's solution in a test tube. Add 2ml of 5% glucose solution. Carefully place the tube i n a boiling water bath for 2 minutes. Remove the tube amd allow it to cool. Record the color reoeat the test with 3ml of benedict's solution and 2ml of 5% sucrose solution. Again, place the tube in the boiling water bath for 2 minutes, remove and cool.Record the color put 2ml of the 5% sucrose solution to a test tube. This time add several drops of hydrochloric acid. Place the tube in the boiling water bath for 2 minutes. Remove and immediately add 3ml of benedict's solution return it to the water bath for an addition 2 minutes. Remove and record the color put 3ml of benedict's solution in a test tube. Add 2ml of milk. Again, place this into the boiling water bath for 2 minutes, remove and cool. Record the color. Again put 2ml of milk to a test tube. This time add several drops of hydrochloric acid.Place the tube in the boiling water bath for 2 minutes. Remove and immediately add 3ml of benedict's solution. Return it to the water bath for an additional 2 minutes. Remove and record t he color. Put 3ml of benedicts solution in a test tube. Add 2ml of starch solution. Place the tube once again into the boiling water bath for 2 minutes, remove and cool. Record the color. Again, put 2ml of starch into a test tube. This time add several drops of hydrochloric acid. Place the tube in the boiling water bath for 2 minutes. Remove and immediately add 3ml of benedicts solution return it to the water bath for an additional 2 minutes.Remove and record the color. Starch test: if a poly saccharide such as starch is present in a solution and iodine is added, the iodine ion will lodge itself in the polysaccharide chain and give it black-blue color. If iodine is added to a solution turn black-blue then starch is present. If the solution remains the color of iodine, reddish-orange, there is no starch present. Procedure: place a few drops of the starch solution into one well of a porcelain spot plate. Place a few drops of water into another well of the same plate. Add several drops of the iodine solution to both wells.Record the color of each. DATA When testing protein, the egg albumin solution turned dark violet when biuret solution was added, biuret's solution was concentrated at the bottom. When testing gelatin for protein biuret's solution turned the solution dark violet, with biuret's solution concentrated at the bottom, and faded to completely clear. 5 drops and 4 drops were added to each test respectively. When performing the lipid test, a drop of oil left a large dark stain, water didn't not leave a stain yet it left the paper warped, and milk left a faint stain and a glossy residue on top.When testing for lipids with sudan IV the oil stayed on top of the water and the sudan IV distributed evenly throughout the oil. When milk was tested, water mixed evenly with the milk, but the sudan IV only mixed into the very top portion of the mixture. When testing carbohydrates the 5% glucose solution changed to a cloudy red color. The 5% sucrose solution did not change color at all, and the sucrose Hcl changed to a greenish brown color. When milk was tested the solution changed to a yellow green color, it also looked chunky. When milk and hcl was tested it changed to a cloudy blue with chunks of white on top. he starch solution did not change color when the benedict's solution was added, and Hcl did not alter the results in the next test. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS throughout the chemical aspects of life lab i have learned a variety of things including testing methods, what reagents are, and some general information about HCL and the contents of various substances. When testing proteins i have discovered the both egg albumin and gelatin both contain protein. During testing for lipids, i've learned that milk contains lipids, although a faint amount there are some present. Oil and Milk both contain lipids. Oil as expected, and milk as expected.When testing For lipids using Sudan IV the oil sat ontop of the water and the sudan IV only mixed wit h it, but surprises came in the next test when water and milk mixed evenly, but Sudan IV only stayed to the top portion of the mixture. Testing for reducing sugars has led me to believe the HCL breaks down sugars to a simpler form, as it altered results for sucrose and milk. Glucose was already a reducing sugar as i found out after testing and sucrose was not, but after adding HCL to sucrose, the results dramatically changed so much so as from going to light blue in the first test to greenish brown in the second sucrose test.Milk seemed to have traces of reducing sugars but results were unclear, so HCL was added and the solution went from chunky yellow in the first milk test, to a chunky cloudy blue in the second test. Starch was found without any reducing sugars, if HCL was present or not. The solution was opaque blue because of benedict's solution. While testing carbohydrates with test tubes and fancy heating and a bunch of chemicals is fun and all, it can just as simply be done w ith iodine using a porcelain spot plate.Iodine turns a dark color when in the presence of carbohydrates such as it did when in a starch solution and it was good old diluted brown-orange in water. MATERIALS Dilute egg albumin solution gelatin distilled water whole milk oil 5% sucrose 5% glucose starch solution glass stirrers biuret solution sudan IV benedict's solution hydrochloric acid iodine pan of soapy water test tube clamps test tube brushes paper towels test tubes medicine droppers porcelain spot plate safety goggles test tube racks graduated cylnders beakers hot plate brown paper bag squares

Billy Holiday essays

Billy Holiday essays In the early twentieth century, even though slavery had been abolished years before, racism was rampant in America. There were few brave enough to speak out about what was happening. Black artists could perform in clubs, but were not able to patron those same establishments because they were designated white only. One of those black artists decided to take a stand. Billie Holiday, known as Lady Day, recorded Strange Fruit on April 20, 1939 at Brunswicks World Broadcasting Studios with Frankie Newtons Caf Society Band. Much later, in 1995, Cassandra Wilson recorded a cover of this harrowing song. Billie Holidays ability to propel a listener into a time and place overshadows Cassandra Wilsons weaker version of Strange Fruit. Billie Holiday, upon being approached with Strange Fruit, at first was uneasy about the song. The message was so controversial it could have easily ruined her career. Inspite of the risk Billie performed it anyway. The message was too important. To reinforce the inherent drama of the song the waiters, immediately before her performing, would instruct the patrons to remain absolutely silent during the performance. The house lights were turned down with only a pin-spot lighting her face. When she finished, all the lights were turned out. When the house lights came back up Billie was gone. There were no encores so the stark imagery would be seared into the white audiences mind. Billie Holidays version opens with a very solemn melody from the trumpet, followed by a somber piano solo setting the mood of the piece. She ignores the melody outlined by the introduction. She knows the impact comes from the words rather than any specific feature of the songs melodic or harmonic construction (Nicholson113). She also uses the grit in her voice and fluctuating tones to portray the message of the piece. ` Cassandra Wilsons version lacks the power of...

How to Get a Career Doing Data Entry

How to Get a Career Doing Data Entry Let’s face it: everything is data now. We’re barely even people anymore- we’re walking databases of names, passwords, credit scores, preferences, and Candy Crush scores. Because digital information has become the bedrock of every industry and just about every company, data entry and maintenance jobs have become stronger than ever. Data entry may not be the flashiest career around (more often than not, it’s just you and your computer hunkering down and getting it done), but it’s a dependable one if you have the skills. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, if you’re looking for opportunities in the data entry arena, these jobs might be your best bet. Let’s review the jobs, and the skills you’ll need to score them.Data Entry Keyers/Information ProcessorsThe job: Your job is to take information from one place, and transfer it to another, likely a computerized system or database. Other tasks may include verifying data, a nd preparing materials based on data. This is often an entry-level position that can lead to other administrative jobs. This job may also offer work-from-home flexibility, depending on the company and the position.The skills: These are qualities that will help get you in the door for a data entry position, and help you look for newer and better opportunities in the field.Organizational skillsTime management skillsDiscretion (especially if you’re working with customer or medical data)Typing skillsCustomer service skills/interpersonal skillsGeneral office/administrative skillsSoftware skills, especially databases and common office programsThe requirements: Because this is a job where employees can typically be trained on the job with little or no background, there’s usually no specific education or certification required. Having strong administrative skills is key, and some employers may require a high school diploma at a minimum.Where the jobs are: As a service position , data entry jobs are, quite literally, everywhere. Every industry employs data entry clerks, all over the country. Some of the most common industries employing data entry keyers are employment agencies, data processing centers, accounting services, medical facilities, and schools/education-related fields. Basically, wherever there’s information to be processed, there’s a data entry keyer getting the job done.The pay: The median hourly pay for data entry keyers is $14.16, and the median annual salary is $29,460.Information ClerksThe job: Information clerks are responsible for performing routine clerical duties that include maintaining records, collecting data, and providing information.The skills: General administrative skills come in very handy for this position, as well as a number of specific skills:Organizational skillsTime management skillsDiscretion (especially if you’re working with customer or medical data)Typing skillsCustomer service skills/interperson al skillsSoftware skills, especially databases and common office programsThe requirements: Information clerks typically have a high school diploma or higher. Employees are usually trained on the job, so prior experience may not be necessary. General office or administrative experience is helpful.Where the jobs are: As with other types of data entry and maintenance jobs, you’ll find information clerks across most industries. There are high numbers of information clerks working in the government, hospitality industry, and healthcare industries, though.The pay: The median hourly pay for data entry keyers is $15.41, and the median annual salary is $32,050. The field is only projected to grow by about 2% by 2024, but what it lacks in explosive growth, it makes up for in stability. The need for information clerk jobs should remain steady for the foreseeable future.The FieldOne of the best things about the data entry field is its versatility. Once you have the set of skills and some experience under your belt, you can choose an industry to specialize in, or use the opportunity to build industry-specific skills that you can take to your next job. If you’re looking for a job that pays the bills while you get experience or decide what your next career move is, it can be a productive stop along your path.

Poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Poems - Essay Example John Keat’s poem entitled To Autumn illustrates this season with three different descriptions. The first stanza describes autumn with specific, concrete, and vivid images of what happens during autumn. Keats describes autumn as a season of activity when, with the sun’s help, it bend apple trees with the abundance of their fruits, â€Å"fill all fruit with ripeness to the core,† â€Å"swell the gourd,† and â€Å"plump the hazel shells.† The second stanza depicts a different picture of autumn as a reaper or harvester who accomplished some of his activity but now stands still. In contrast to the active autumn described in the first stanza, the second denotes inactivity and near completion. The third stanza contrasts summer which is known as the season of rebirth to autumn which is the season of death. Here, the death of autumn is illustrated as a â€Å"soft-dying day† which is depicted favorably as this death also creates beauty. This poem by Emily Dickinson talks about the death of a man in â€Å"the opposite house.† This documents the chronology after the death and the different reactions of individuals in the country town where it happens. The third line states the commotion in the house as neighbors rustle in and out perhaps doing what they think will help. The fourth line signifies hopelessness as the doctor drives away. The dead must have been sick for a long time as the window which has been closed is now abruptly opened. A mattress is flung raising the curiosity of the children who â€Å"wonder if It’d died on that.† The writer adds that shed use to feel the same way when she was a child implying that it is a natural human reaction. The minister then comes in order to bless the dead and â€Å"goes stiffly in as if the house were his.† Dickinson then states that the minister â€Å"owned all the mourners now, and the little boys beside, and then the milliner and the man of the

Compostion article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compostion article - Essay Example 547). With rapid advancements of and in technology, many fields have incorporated the Internet and its vast possibilities in their development. For instance, SOCR is an evidence of statistics utilizing online applications, programs, et cetera, to be a resource center for individuals interested with the field, wherever they may be. Because of the emergence of various tools in the integration of science, technology, and education, it is not impossible to have information technology (IT) methods of instruction. As a matter of fact, many academic institutions have provided online courses and programs in their curriculum. Statistics may be difficult for some students, and having options for education other than the traditional methods may have the possibility of facilitating easier learning and comprehension in the subject matter. The methods, results, and conclusions of the study will be discussed in this paper, as well as an analysis of the endeavor, looking into its strengths and weakn esses, including recommendations and implications for future researches. Review and Analysis I. Methods The researchers utilized â€Å"SOCR resources as instruments for IT-blended instruction in several courses,† where these courses included quizzes at the beginning of the quarter, Index of Learning Styles (ILS) assessment, standard quarter-wide learning evaluation quantitative measures through exams, quizzes, and homework, and beginning and ending attitude towards the subject surveys (p. 548). The design of the study is seen to gather both quantitative and qualitative data and is briefly described in the methodology portion of the paper, but one could notice that specific design traits are presented with the results, and in their corresponding statistical courses. The total number of subjects was not mentioned, but a portion in the paper states that there were 90 students involved in each section. Several variables were measured, including an assessment of background knowled ge on the first day of classes, learning styles, exam scores, pre- and post-attitude surveys, and satisfaction surveys at the end of the quarter. The setting for research conduction was not specified, but probably took place in statistics classes of UCLA. II. Results and Conclusions Outcomes of the study confirm gathered results of a previous study that indeed there is â€Å"technology-driven improvement of the quantitative performance in probability and statistics courses† (p. 557). In addition, findings suggest that learning styles and attitudes of students towards a discipline are important factors in their quantitative performance. The SOCR-treatment group shows a tendency in the increase of student satisfaction according to post-surveys, and standard assessment instruments revealed that there was quantitative performance improvement. Researchers thus conclude that complementing pedagogical methods with information technology positively affects the students’ academ ic performance and attitudes. With the use of technology-based instructional tools, students are able to understand and comprehend statistical concepts that are difficult to do so in the sole use of traditional classroom approaches. III. Strengths

Finalize Feasibility Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finalize Feasibility Study - Essay Example The study becomes more feasible if another company already has such an idea. The company creates an outline for the study. A company will include a table of content, summary, cover page and description of recyclable products. Physical description of the product should be enhanced. The technology to be used by the company in recycling should be described. Marketing strategies of a mentioned business model need also to be implemented. Critical factors of risk encountered in recycling are also considered in the study. Various financial anticipations and conclusion have to be clear in the study. Recycled items are majorly categorized into; plastics, metals and glass. Under plastics items such as plastic papers, plastic containers like those of detergents are recycled. Metals such as aluminum, copper and steel are recycled. Glass which is majorly known as cullet is recycled. Cullet is then melted down to make glass bottles. Recyclable items are hauled away by trucks of sanitation where it is taken to several places. These places include a landfill, an incinerator until then it can reach a recycling facility.About14,300 tones of trash is incinerated yearly. This helps in provision of electricity for a given community. Landfills are prepared in a way that trash and other recyclable materials are deep down and covered to ensure no micro-organisms get exposed on the environment. When most recyclable items reach a land fill most of them get exposed on the environment which is quite not a good thing. Recycling has become more vital to our environment which ensures a perfect way of minimizing waste. For that matter recyclable trash should always get recycled. To make recycling economically feasible and make the environment more effective, a system should be put in place for extracting recyclables from wastes and reprocess them into more demanded recycled products. Without this initiative recycling remains collection rather than being

Human Resource Is the Most Important Assest in an Organization Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Is the Most Important Assest in an Organization Essay Human resources are the set of individuals who makes up the workforce of an organization, business sector or an economy. This resource resides in the skill, knowledge and motivation of people and under the right condition it improves in age and experience which no other resources can do. It is therefore considered the most productive resources that can create the longest advantages for an organization. For an organization to sustain and grow they do not only rely on advanced technology, good marketing strategy and other factors etc. In fact, they have to rely on their employee performance, contribution and image. As in most organization, they are mainly human orientated. Thus, without their support and contribution to the business operation, the organization daily business operation will not be functioning well. Christina. P (2009) mentioned that organizational psychology holds that successful organizations do not owe their success solely to market realities and sustainable competitive advantages. Actually, there is a lot more. Successful companies are those that consider their human capital as their most important asset. Facts and figures are the quantitative elements of successful management, yet the qualitative, i.e. the cognitive aspects, are those that actually make or break an organization Here are a few factors that explain how human resource can contribute to an organization to help them meet their future goals and expectations. Firstly, having strategic human resource planning. It is a process that identifies current and future human resources needs for an organization to achieve its goals. Reilly (2003) define human resource planning as: ‘A process in which an organization attempts to estimate the demand for labour and evaluate the size, nature and sources of supply which will be required to meet the demand.’ Without human resource planning, an organization may not be ready and well prepared for the future challenges ahead. Secondly, by having a positive working environment. In order to allow employees to contribute to the organization it is important to create a positive environment for the employees so as to ensure the smooth running of business of an organization. For instance, encouraging employee to go for lunch break on time, taking short breaks in between during working hours if there is too much stress, minimal overtime work. Such work practice will actually motivates employees to contributes more to the organization as they are not overwork or over stress. As mentioned by David.I (2009), â€Å"work environment, employee satisfaction and employee turnover are three distinct concepts that are inseparably linked; workplace environments greatly influence employee satisfaction, which in turn directly affects employee turnover rates. Knowing how to use a positive work environment to increase employee satisfaction and reduce turnover is a key to developing a high-performance workforce.† Thirdly, continuous learning within an organization. It is important for an organization to promote and send their employees of different level to attend workshops and courses. This is to allow employees to have an opportunity to learn new skills and to continue to upgrade themselves regardless of their age. Without the right knowledge or skill in a certain organization, employees may not be able to contribute to the organization more effectively. As mentioned by Robert J.V (2006), â€Å"a learning organization embraces a culture of lifelong learning, enabling all employees to continually acquire and share knowledge. Improvements in product or service quality do not stop when proper training is provided to the employees. Employees need to have the financial, time and content resources available to increase their knowledge.â€Å" Lastly, by having attractive benefits and compensation. Pay and benefits are the most important incentives that organization can offer to employees in exchange for a more productivity and quality contribution to the organization. Employees should also be rewarded when they have accomplished a big assignment for their hard work and efforts to the organization as this attractive benefits and compensation will also help booze the employee morale. At the same time, they will feel appreciated by the organization where they may contribute more to the organization in future. If employees are not satisfied with the level of compensation or benefit, they may not be motivated to work and the level of standard for quality and productivity will definitely be low. As mentioned by Rebecca. L (2012),† when your workers feel you’re looking out for them, they’ll look out for you, too, by producing higher quality work and staying in their jobs longer. Providing good benefits packages—which might include retirement, health care or dental plans—is a tangible way to show employees that you value them and their quality of life. Sure, the rising cost of benefits has made offering an attractive package more difficult for small businesses, but there are still ways to offer competitive packages to recruit and retain the best workers while staying within your budget.† In conclusion, â€Å"Human Resource† is the most important asset of an organization as it plays an important role in every aspect .It is the backbone of an organization, without human resource the organization will not be able to function well and may not succeed in the future challenges.

Illegal Immigration from Mexico: Law, People and Business

Illegal Immigration from Mexico: Law, People and Business Illegal Immigration from Mexico: The Contradiction Between the Law, the People, and Business I. Introduction Before the nineteenth century migration between Mexico and the United States of America was open and did not require any type of verification between the two countries. After the nineteenth century, individuals who crossed the border into the United States without authorization were labeled illegal immigrants[1] These immigrants typically crossed into the United States because of labor shortages and economic disparity. In this essay, I will demonstrate that in regard to Mexican and Latin American illegal immigration, there is a contradiction between the law, business, and public opinion. This will be accomplished through a sociological perspective that will highlight a conflict theory outlook. First, a historical explanation is needed to frame the problem in proper context. II. Mexican Illegal Immigration History As a result of the Mexican American war, Mexico lost a large portion if its northern territory. The Mexicans who lived in this newly acquired area were given American citizenship and movement on the new border remained in flux. In the beginning of the nineteenth century a few inspection stations were created at the ports of entry along the southern border. World war one caused a labor shortage due to a sudden relocation of a mass amount of American males. Mexicans migrated to the United States and filled in the labor shortage caused by the lack of American males. The open border policy changed during prohibition due to a large amount of Mexican alcohol smugglers. The United States border patrol was created in reaction to smuggling in nineteen twenty-four. Additionally, the great depression caused a negative opinion of Mexican immigrants and mass deportations happened between nineteen twenty-nine to nineteen thirty-nine. When the United States entered world war two, a labor shortage s pread across the country. To cure the problem, the Bracero Program was created: [W]hich allowed millions of Mexican men to come to the United States to work on, short-term, primarily agricultural labor contracts. From 1942 to 1964, 4.6 million contracts were signed.[2] The program was ended due to mistreatment of the workers and the xenophobic public opinion. Although the program was terminated, Mexicans kept crossing the border for better economic opportunities. In response to the flux of Mexican migration, the United States: [E]nacted Operation Wetback, a campaign to deport Mexican workers who were in the country illegally. The program succeeded in rounding up over 1 million people, most of them men.[3] Soon after Operation Wetback, maquiladoras were created on the northern border of Mexico to provide cheap labor for United States businesses. Maquiladoras are factories that create and distribute products. They are typically located in impoverished countries and create products for more affluent countries. In addition, an agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico termed NAFTA was created to eliminate tariffs between the countries. Although NAFTA helped the elite in Mexico, it did not help the poor, thus the amount of migration to the United States increased. III. The Contradiction Between the Law, the People, and Business The policies that the United States government has created to stop or slow down the rate of illegal immigration is in conflict with the demand of cheap labor by companies located within the United States. Additionally, public opinion constantly alters and contradicts the policy and business needs. For instance, after world war one, the Bracero program became problematic because of public opinion, therefore a new policy was created to stop the flow of migration. Karl Marx defined capitalism as an economic system composed mainly of capitalists and the proletariat, in which one class (capitalists) exploits the other (proletariat).[4] It is apparent that the dominant ideology was tacit with its workers being sent to a war, which created a need for labor. The bourgeoisie exploited the Mexican migrants for the sake of maintaining their surplus value.[5] The Mexican workers were not the original proletariat but of a lower class, called the lumpenproletariat.[6] Eventually, when the workers came back from war, they were at odds with the Mexican lumpenproletariat, which created an alienation[7] between the two workers. The bourgeoisie/capitalist helped create this contradiction and conflict between the two different workers (Mexican migrants and American workers) and ultimately benefits from a conflict between them. Additionally, the bourgeoisie promotes and creates maquiladoras on the northern border of Mexico for cheap labor in the creation of products that they will profit from. However, the American public opinion opposes these factories because the factory jobs from the United States are abolished and relocated to Mexico. The bourgeoisie controls the means of production or the things that are needed for production to take place (including tools, machinery, raw materials, and factories).[8] In sum, the bourgeoisie promotion of factories in Mexico is in conflict with the workers and public opinion. IV. Laws That Have Led to Modern Day Slave Labor The Bracero program was implemented as a solution to the labor shortage during the war. Consequently, the Mexicans who filled in the gap did not receive the same amount of pay as United State citizens.[9] An instance of modern slavery is being paid a wage that is not enough to survive on. The program was used to exploit the workers and Mexico doubted that a legitimate labor scarcity existed and viewed the Bracero program as a way for the U.S. to obtain cheap labor.[10] Indeed, it seems that the bourgeoisie used this opportunity to pay the Mexicans a lower subsistence wage[11] than their American counterparts. Marxs theory of value claims that all value comes from labor and is therefore traceable, in capitalism, to the worker,[12] which is evident by the exploitation of the workers surplus value. Once the American workers came back from war, a campaign by the people was created to deport the Mexican workers. The campaign was successful and Operation Wetback was created in conjunction to sanctions on immigration. Consequently, once these laws were created, the term illegal alien became widely used. These so called illegal aliens came to the United States in defiance to newly created laws and were given an even lower wage. In sum, these new policies created an underclass of workers that the bourgeoisie exploited. Other policies such as NAFTA created a work scarcity in Mexico that has led to more illegal migration into the United States that the bourgeoisie is eager to exploit. Indeed, since the wages of many Mexican immigrants is not enough to survive on, policies have lead to this exploitation which can be labeled as modern day slave labor. V. Confronting the Problem It seems that neither the American nor the Mexican workers are aware of the exploitation that the bourgeoisie uses for monetary growth. Marx claimed that even the bourgeoisie may not be aware of this exploitation. He claims, The capitalists think that they are being rewarded, not because of their exploitation of the workers, but for their cleverness, their capital investment, their manipulation of the market, and so on. The capitalists are too busy making more money, in money grubbing, ever to get a true understanding of the exploitative nature if their relationship with workers.[13] Marx termed this as false consciousness, and he believed that the workers were capable of being aware of this exploitation through class consciousness. Therefore, a solution to this inequality first requires that the worker be aware of the inequality and then take action to overcome the issue of exploitation, otherwise known as praxis.[14] Consequently, this may be a difficult task, due to the fact that the different workers are in a constant clash with themselves and the bourgeoisie. VI. Conclusion In regard to illegal immigration in the United States, there is a contradiction between the law, business, and public opinion. The border between the United States and Mexico remained open to migration until the early nineteenth century. However, when in a labor shortage, the United States would open its borders to Mexican workers. Once workers returned, the borders were closed, and laws and programs were created to halt or slow down migration. These new policies did not completely stop migration and in some cases may have increased it. Subsequently, these new illegal immigrants were taken advantage of by the bourgeoisie with a salary that was below a subsistent wage, which can be labeled as modern day slavery. Without consciousness, it seems that the workers will be stuck in a revolving Sisyphean conflict between each other and the capitalists. [1] In addition, derogatory terms were used by the public and politicians. [2] http://www.labor.ucla.edu/what-we-do/labor-studies/research-tools/the-bracero-program/ [3] https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/may-2014-immigrant-deportations-today-and-continuing-legacy-operation-wetback [4] Book pg 25 [5] Define surplus value [6] Define lumpenprol [7] Define alienation [8] Pg 25 [9] http://www.unco.edu/cohmlp/pdfs/bracero_program_powerpoint.pdf [10] ibid [11] Define subsistence [12] Pg26 [13] Pg27 [14] Define praxis