Alzheimer’s Disease Stages and Symptoms

Alzheimers Disease Stages and Symptoms ABSTRACT Alzheimer’s Disease is a neurological disease majorly characterized by â€Å"decline in the brain function† and â€Å"memory loss†. The disease involves mainly three stages. Different chemical factors and possibly genetic factors are responsible for causing the disease. Symptoms can be treated by provision of the sufficient supplements to reduce the risk of the disease. Techniques are also available for the treatment and detection which are being expected to be more advance in future. INTRODUCTION Alzheimer’s disease is severly deliberating condition that affects thinking, learning and memory beginning with declines in the (1)episodic memory. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception. Many scientists believe that Alzheimer’s disease results from an increase in the production or acc umulation of a specific protein(2)(beta-amyloid protein) in the brain that leads to nerve cell death. The likelihood of having Alzheimer’s disease increases substantially after the age of 70 around 50% of persons over the age of 85 may be affected by it. Nonetheless, Alzheimer’s disease is not a normal part of aging and is not something that happens inevitably in later life. For example, many people live to over 100 years of age and never develop Alzheimer’s disease. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: Usually, the onset of Alzheimer’s disease is gradual and it is slowly progressive. Most often, family members initially think memory problems as â€Å"a normal part of aging† but these problems noted by the family can be the first stages of Alzheimer’s disease. When other problems along with memory problems also occur start to consistently affect the usual level of functioning;families begin to suspect that something more than â€Å"norma l aging† is going on. Commonly early memory problems in Alzheimer’s disease are particularly characterized by â€Å"short-term memory†. For example, the individual may, on repeated occasions, forget to turn off an iron or fail to recall which of the morning’s medicines were taken. Early illness may show mild changes in personality such as less spontaneity, apathy and a tendency to withdraw from social interactions may occur. Problems in abstract thinking and in other intellectual functions also develop as the disease is progressed. The person may begin to face problems such as trouble with figures when working on bills, with understanding what is being read, or with organizing the day’s work. This point of the disease may also show further disturbances in behavior and appearance, such as agitation, irritability, quarrelsomeness and a diminishing ability to dress appropriately. Later in the course of the disorder, affected individuals may become conf used or disoriented about what month or year it is, be unable to describe accurately where they live, or be unable to name a place being visited. Eventually, patients may wander, be unable to engage in conversation, erratic in mood, uncooperative and bladder and bowel control is lost. In late stages of the disease, persons may become totally incapable of caring for themselves. Cosequently, (3)pneumonia can occur which can lead to death or some other problem can occur due to severely deteriorated states of health.

Organisational Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 9

Organisational Change Management - Essay Example The cost of absenteeism for the Silkeborg Council had reached enormous levels and warranted prompt intervention and the majority of the cases of absenteeism, the council noted was as a result of high levels of sickness. The traditional approach to combating sickness absence is to consider this at a personal level. Strategies that are usually employed at this level consist of return to work initiatives, attendance monitoring and referral to a professional health service. Discovery Silkeborg Council Elderly Care Department: Key Issues and Problems Although the Council has previously taken several initiatives in an attempt to intervene to reduce absenteeism in the elderly care sector, the approaches taken have only resulted in production of short-term improvements without any significant long-term effect. The approaches employed have included analysis of the root causes of lost time, developing a Stop-Lift policy that would ensure reduction in lost time caused by back injuries, and assi sting the various leaders in developing supervisory skills. The Council also embarked on education of the management level in supervisory and leadership roles and assisting them and the overall care staff to contribute their skills together in order to develop a policy that would handle absenteeism effectively. Most of these strategies have been employed but they have always produced meagre results. Nevertheless, recent research works have indicated newer approaches to approaching this issue, and as such work attendance has been revealed to be related to both physical and psychological environment at work. In addition, management performances, approaches and behaviours, social customs and economic strains, apparent health conditions and job contentment impacted on absenteeism. Conceptually, lower employment grades have long been linked with both short term and long term absenteeism, particularly those who take sick leaves. Disparities in the level of absenteeism particularly sick le aves between different sectors within the council and amongst the work force operating within comparable socioeconomic profiles within the council imply that work features predict sickness absence behaviour. Absence has always been noted to be high amongst those employees, who consider their duties at work to be lacking leadership roles, low on variety and use of skills, low on assistance at the work place. Employees occupying lower grades at the elderly care facility were up to six times more likely than those in higher grades to report jobs perceived to be low in demands, control, and support; consequently, they are said to be susceptible to moderate, extended and very long periods of sickness absence. The Karasek and Theorell’s demand-control model of work related strain has been regularly applied in such circumstances. The model proposes that risks to health do mostly arise when job demands are combined with low decision latitude that is perceived low control over work an d possible fewer prospects in realizing those skills. However, most studies assert that decision latitude is said to be a stronger forecaster than demand including social support at work as a forecaster of job strain. The demand and control model can be a useful means of developing and designing structures for planning organizational approaches to combat job strain and related characters which include sickness absence. Dream Addressing the Issues In developing an organizational change management intervention that will ensure

Factors that Affect the Demand and Supply of Cars Essay

Factors that Affect the Demand and Supply of Cars - Essay Example This paper will look at factors that change the supply and demand of cars, possible substitutes that could be used in place of a car, goods that complement cars, and also how cars affect price elasticity. These days, cars are produced in the cheapest places possible. This could be anywhere on earth, but is usually in a country where the labor is cheap and the technological knowhow is in place. The production of cars can change due to a number of factors. One of these is natural disasters. In flood-prone countries that produce cars, such as Thailand, any environmental catastrophe can cause car factories to shut down for an extended period. Apart from affecting the local workers, the price of car can also increase in a country such as America. Because production ceases, the supply of cars also decreases. This inevitably forces the prices of cars up because car companies need to reach a certain level of profit to function as a business. Another factor that could alter the supply of cars is technology. If new technology was discovered that allowed the production of more cars for less, the supply of cars would increase dramatically. This would have the opposite effect of an environmental disaster; the price of a car would fall due to there being an oversupply of cars on the market. In terms of factors that could cause changes in demand, an economic recession would be the most obvious one. The current recession that is affecting the world has reduced demand for cars, although not by much. This is because cars are an essential item for most people, so they have to choice but to continue to purchase cars. Conversely, a rise in people’s incomes would cause the demand for cars to increase. This is because the average consumer would have extra money in their pockets, resulting in more cars being purchased. Because cars are an essential part of our society, there is a very limited supply of substitutes available. The substitution effect states that demand is not rel ated to any shift in income (Krugman and Obstfeld 89). This is unlike the income effect, which states that there is only a shift in demand when there is an increase or decrease in income. Because of the competitive market, there will always be substitute products available. For cars, one substitute may be a form of public transport such as a train or bus. This is more likely to occur during hard economic times because people would not be able to afford to drive a car. Because of this, the most likely option to turn to is the public transport system because it is cheaper than running a car. Thus, there would be increased demand for public transport. This makes sense because whenever there is a decrease in the demand for a product, there is generally an increase in demand for a substitute product. Another substitute that is comparable to public transport is a motorcycle. This is cheaper to run than a car, but can be less expensive than a train or bus. One of the downsides to a motorbi ke is that there is no cover when it rains. However, for those people who cannot afford a car, a motorbike is a realistic option. Just as in public transport, whenever there is a decrease in demand for cars, there will be an increase in demand for motorbikes. Whenever there is a change in the demand or supply for cars, there is a corresponding in the prices of compliments. One product that is a compliment of cars is tires. Because tires are an essential part of any car, their importance is linked with the performance of cars. When there